Art objects, gems, and raw materials (such as those used for the Craft activity) can be used much like currency: you can sell them for the same Price you can buy them.

Carrying especially heavy or unwieldy items can make it more difficult for you to move, as can overloading yourself with too much gear. The Bulk value of an item reflects how difficult the item is to handle, representing its size, weight, and general awkwardness. If you have a high Strength score, you usually don’t need to worry about Bulk unless you’re carrying numerous substantial items.

Some abilities require you to wield an item, typically a weapon. You're wielding an item any time you're holding it in the number of hands needed to use it effectively. When wielding an item, you're not just carrying it around—you're ready to use it. Other abilities might require you to be wearing the item, to be holding it, or simply to have it.

Table 6-2: Changing Equipment

Change	Hands	Action
Draw or put away a worn item, or pick up an item1	1 or 2	Interact
Pass an item to or take an item from a willing creature 2	1 or 2	Interact
Drop an item to the ground	1 or 2	Release
Detach a shield or item strapped to you	1	Interact
Change your grip by removing a hand from an item	2	Release
Change your grip by adding a hand to an item	2	Interact
Retrieve an item from a backpack 3, sack, or similar container	2	Interact

1 If you retrieve a two-handed item with only one hand, you still need to change your grip before you can wield or use it.
2 A creature must have a hand free for someone to pass an item to them, and they might then need to change their grip if they receive an item requiring two hands to wield or use.
3 Retrieving an item stowed in your own backpack requires first taking off the backpack with a separate Interact action.

Inanimate objects and hazards are immune to bleed, death effects, disease, healing, mental effects, necromancy, nonlethal attacks, and poison, as well as the doomed, drained, fatigued, paralyzed, sickened, and unconscious conditions. An item that has a mind is not immune to mental effects. Many objects are immune to other conditions, at the GM’s discretion. For instance, a sword has no Speed, so it can’t take a penalty to its Speed, but an effect that causes a Speed penalty might work on a moving blade trap.

Your Armor Class (AC) measures how well you can defend against attacks. When a creature attacks you, your Armor Class is the DC for that attack roll.

Armor Class = 10 + Dexterity modifier (up to your armor’s Dex Cap) + proficiency bonus + armor’s item bonus to AC + other bonuses + penalties

Use your proficiency bonus for the category (light, medium, or heavy) or the specific type of armor you’re wearing. If you’re not wearing armor, use your proficiency in unarmored defense.

Getting in and out of armor is time consuming—so make sure you’re wearing it when you need it! Donning and removing armor are both activities involving many Interact actions. It takes 1 minute to don light armor, 5 minutes to don medium or heavy armor, and 1 minute to remove any armor.

Table 6–3: Unarmored Defense provides the statistics for the various forms of protection without wearing armor. Table 6–4: Armor provides the statistics for suits of armor that can be purchased and worn, organized by category. The columns in both tables provide the following statistics.

Shields have statistics that follow the same rules as armor: Price, Speed Penalty, and Bulk. See page 274 for the rules for those statistics. Their other statistics are described here.

A shield can be used as a martial weapon for attacks, using the statistics listed for a shield bash on Table 6–7: Melee Weapons (page 280). The shield bash is an option only for shields that weren’t designed to be used as weapons. A shield can’t have runes added to it. You can also buy and attach a shield boss or shield spikes to a shield to make it a more practical weapon. These can be found on Table 6–7. These work like other weapons and can even be etched with runes.

When making an attack roll, determine the result by rolling 1d20 and adding your attack modifier for the weapon or unarmed attack you’re using. Modifiers for melee and ranged attacks are calculated differently.

Melee attack modifier = Strength modifier (or optionally Dexterity for a finesse weapon) + proficiency bonus + other bonuses + penalties

Ranged attack modifier = Dexterity modifier + proficiency bonus + other bonuses + penalties

Bonuses, and penalties apply to these rolls just like with other types of checks. Weapons with potency runes add an item bonus to your attack rolls.

When the result of your attack roll with a weapon or unarmed attack equals or exceeds your target’s AC, you hit your target! Roll the weapon or unarmed attack’s damage die and add the relevant modifiers, bonuses, and penalties to determine the amount of damage you deal. Calculate a damage roll as follows.

Melee damage roll = damage die of weapon or unarmed attack + Strength modifier + bonuses + penalties

Ranged damage roll = damage die of weapon + Strength modifier for thrown weapons + bonuses + penalties

Ranged weapons don’t normally add an ability modifier to the damage roll, though weapons with the propulsive trait add half your Strength modifier (or your full modifier if it is a negative number), and thrown weapons add your full Strength modifier.

Magic weapons with striking, greater striking, or major striking runes add one or more weapon damage dice to your damage roll. These extra dice are the same die size as the weapon’s damage die. At higher levels, most characters also gain extra damage from weapon specialization.

When you make an attack and succeed with a natural 20 (the number on the die is 20), or if the result of your attack exceeds the target's AC by 10, you achieve a critical success (also known as a critical hit).

If you critically succeed at a Strike, your attack deals double damage. Other attacks, such as spell attack rolls and some uses of the Athletics skill, describe the specific effects that occur when their outcomes are critical successes.

Almost all characters start out trained in unarmed attacks. You can Strike with your fist or another body part, calculating your attack and damage rolls in the same way you would with a weapon. Unarmed attacks can belong to a weapon group (page 280), and they might have weapon traits (page 282). However, unarmed attacks aren’t weapons, and effects and abilities that work with weapons never work with unarmed attacks unless they specifically say so.

Table 6–6: Unarmed Attacks lists the statistics for an unarmed attack with a fist, though you’ll usually use the same statistics for attacks made with any other parts of your body. Certain ancestry feats, class features, and spells give access to special, more powerful unarmed attacks. Details for those unarmed attacks are provided in the abilities that grant them.

If you attack with something that wasn’t built to be a weapon, such as a chair or a vase, you’re making an attack with an improvised weapon. You take a –2 item penalty to attack rolls with an improvised weapon. The GM determines the amount and type of damage the attack deals, if any, as well as any weapon traits the improvised weapon should have. Improvised weapons are simple weapons.

The tables on pages 280–282 list the statistics for various melee and ranged weapons that you can purchase, as well as the statistics for striking with a fist (or another basic unarmed attack). The tables present the following statistics. All weapons listed in this chapter have an item level of 0.

Weapons and unarmed attacks with the weapon trait can have a number of traits, found under "Weapon Traits" in the Traits section.

Certain feats, class features, weapon runes, and other effects can grant you additional benefits when you make a Strike with certain weapons and get a critical success. This is called a critical specialization effect. The exact effect depends on which weapon group your weapon belongs to, as listed here. You can always decide not to add the critical specialization effect of your weapon.

Tables 6–9 and 6–10 list Price and Bulk entries for a wide variety of gear. Any item with a number after it in parentheses indicates that the item’s Price is for the indicated quantity, though the Bulk entry for such an item is the value for only one such item. All items in this chapter are level 0 unless the item name is followed by a higher item level in parentheses.

These items follow special rules or require more detail.

If you want to quickly decide how to spend your starting money on what your class needs, start with one of these kits. Note than an adventurer's pack, which is included in each kit, contains a backpack, a bedroll, 10 pieces of chalk, flint and steel, 50 feet of rope, 2 weeks' rations, soap, 5 torches, and a waterskin.

Alchemist Kit

Legacy Content

Source Core Rulebook pg. 289 ^4.0
Price 8 gp, 4 sp, 2 cp; Bulk 3 Bulk, 7 light; Money Left Over 6 gp, 5 sp, 8 cp
Armor studded leather armor
Weapons 20 sling bullets, dagger, sling
Gear 2 sets of caltrops, adventurer's pack, alchemist's tools, basic crafter's book
Options repair kit (2 gp)

Barbarian Kit

Legacy Content

Source Core Rulebook pg. 289 ^4.0
Price 4 gp; Bulk 3 Bulk, 5 light; Money Left Over 11 gp
Armor hide armor
Weapons 4 javelins
Gear adventurer's pack, grappling hook
Options greataxe (2 gp), greatclub (1 gp), greatsword (2 gp), or battle axe and steel shield (3 gp)

Bard Kit

Legacy Content

Source Core Rulebook pg. 289 ^4.0
Price 7 gp, 5 sp, 2 cp; Bulk 4 Bulk, 4 light; Money Left Over 7 gp, 4 sp, 8 cp
Armor studded leather armor
Weapons 20 sling bullets, dagger, rapier, sling
Gear adventurer's pack, musical instrument (handheld)

Champion Kit

Legacy Content

Source Core Rulebook pg. 289 ^4.0
Price 4 gp, 7 sp; Bulk 3 Bulk, 7 light; Money Left Over 10 gp, 3 sp
Armor hide armor
Weapons 4 javelins, dagger
Gear adventurer's pack, crowbar, grappling hook
Options steel shield (2 gp), your deity's favored weapon (see your deities entry; use the Price listed in the weapon's entry)

Cleric Kit

Legacy Content

Source Core Rulebook pg. 289 ^4.0
Price 2 gp, 2 sp; Bulk 1 Bulk, 3 light; Money Left Over 12 gp, 8 sp
Gear 2 sets of caltrops, adventurer's pack, religious symbol (wooden)
Options your deity's favored weapon (see your deities entry; use the Price listed in the weapon's entry), hide armor (2 gp)

Druid Kit

Legacy Content

Source Core Rulebook pg. 289 ^4.0
Price 4 gp, 4 sp; Bulk 4 Bulk, 4 light; Money Left Over 10 gp, 6 sp
Armor leather armor
Weapons 4 javelins, longspear
Gear adventurer's pack, holly and mistletoe
Options healer's tools (5 gp)

Fighter Kit

Legacy Content

Source Core Rulebook pg. 289 ^4.0
Price 3 gp, 8 sp; Bulk 3 Bulk, 2 light; Money Left Over 11 gp, 2 sp
Armor hide armor
Weapons dagger
Gear adventurer's pack, grappling hook
Options greatsword (2 gp), longbow with 20 arrows (6 gp, 2 sp), or longsword and steel shield (3 gp)

Monk Kit

Legacy Content

Source Core Rulebook pg. 289 ^4.0
Price 5 gp, 3 sp; Bulk 3 Bulk, 2 light; Money Left Over 9 gp, 7 sp
Weapons 10 darts
Gear adventurer's pack, climbing kit, grappling hook, smokestick (lesser)
Options staff (0 sp), longspear (5 sp)

Ranger Kit

Legacy Content

Source Core Rulebook pg. 289 ^4.0
Price 3 gp, 7 sp; Bulk 2 Bulk, 1 light; Money Left Over 11 gp, 3 sp
Armor leather armor
Weapons dagger
Gear adventurer's pack
Options longbow and 20 arrows (6 gp, 2 sp), longsword and steel shield (3 gp), 2 shortswords (1gp, 8 sp), snare kit (5 gp)

Rogue Kit

Legacy Content

Source Core Rulebook pg. 289 ^4.0
Price 6 gp, 2 sp; Bulk 4 Bulk, 1 light; Money Left Over 8 gp, 8 sp
Armor leather armor
Weapons dagger, rapier
Gear adventurer's pack, climbing kit
Options thieves' tools (3 gp)

Sorcerer Kit

Legacy Content

Source Core Rulebook pg. 289 ^4.0
Price 2 gp, 3 sp, 2 cp; Bulk 1 Bulk, 6 light; Money Left Over 12 gp, 6 sp, 8 cp
Weapons 20 sling bullets, dagger, sling
Gear 2 sets of caltrops, adventurer's pack

Wizard Kit

Legacy Content

Source Core Rulebook pg. 289 ^4.0
Price 3 gp; Bulk 2 Bulk, 2 light; Money Left Over 12 gp
Weapons staff
Gear adventurer's pack, material component pouch, writing set
Options crossbow with 20 bolts (3 gp, 2 sp)

The items listed on Table 6–11 are the most widely available alchemical items from Chapter 11, which a 1st-level character could likely access. The descriptions below are incomplete; each item’s full entry appears in Chapter 11 on the page listed in the table. Your GM might allow you to start with other alchemical items from Chapter 11 on a case-by-case basis.

The items on Table 6–12 are the magic items from Chapter 11 that a 1st-level character could most frequently access. The descriptions below are incomplete; the items’ full entries appear in Chapter 11 on the pages listed in the table. Your GM might allow you to start with other magic items from Chapter 11 on a case-by-case basis.

Formulas are instructions for making items with the Craft activity. You can usually read a formula as long as you can read the language it’s written in, though you might lack the skill to Craft the item. Often, alchemists and crafting guilds use obscure languages or create codes to protect their formulas from rivals.

You can buy common formulas at the Price listed on Table 6–13, or you can hire an NPC to let you copy their formula for the same Price. A purchased formula is typically a schematic on rolled-up parchment of light Bulk. You can copy a formula into your formula book in 1 hour, either from a schematic or directly from someone else’s formula book. If you have a formula, you can Craft a copy of it using the Crafting skill. Formulas for uncommon items and rare items are usually significantly more valuable—if you can find them at all!

If you have an item, you can try to reverse-engineer its formula. This uses the Craft activity and takes the same amount of time as creating the item from a formula would. You must first disassemble the item. After the base downtime, you attempt a Crafting check against the same DC it would take to Craft the item. If you succeed, you Craft the formula at its full Price, and you can keep working to reduce the Price as normal. If you fail, you’re left with raw materials and no formula. If you critically fail, you also waste 10% of the raw materials you’d normally be able to salvage.

The item’s disassembled parts are worth half its Price in raw materials and can’t be reassembled unless you successfully reverse-engineer the formula or acquire the formula another way. Reassembling the item from the formula works just like Crafting it from scratch; you use the disassembled parts as the necessary raw materials.

Table 6-13: Formulas

Item Level	Formula Price
0*	5 sp
1	1 gp
2	2 gp
3	3 gp
4	5 gp
5	8 gp
6	13 gp
7	18 gp
8	25 gp
9	35 gp
10	50 gp
11	70 gp
12	100 gp
13	150 gp
14	225 gp
15	325 gp
16	500 gp
17	750 gp
18	1,200 gp
19	2,000 gp
20	3,500 gp

*Formulas for all 0-level common items from this chapter can be purchased collectively in a basic crafter's book.

If an item has multiple types of different levels, each type has its own formula, and you need the formula for the specific type of item you want to Craft. For example, if you have a formula for a type I bag of holding but not for a type II bag of holding, you must acquire a separate formula to Craft a type II bag of holding.

The services listed under Services describe expenditures for common services and consumables.

Table 6–16 shows how much it costs to get by. This covers room and board, dues, taxes, and other fees.

Table 6-16: Cost of Living

Standard of Living	Week	Month	Year
Subsistence*	4 sp	2 gp	24 gp
Comfortable	1 gp	4 gp	52 gp
Fine	30 gp	130 gp	1,600 gp
Extravagant	100 gp	430 gp	5,200 gp

* You can attempt to Subsist using Society or Survival for free.

The Prices for animals are listed both for renting and for purchasing them outright. You usually need to pay for animal rentals up front, and if the vendor believes the animal might be put in danger, they typically require a deposit equal to the purchase Price. Most animals panic in battle. When combat begins, they become frightened 4 and fleeing as long as they’re frightened. If you successfully Command your Animal using Nature (page 249), you can keep it from fleeing, though this doesn’t remove its frightened condition. If the animal is attacked or damaged, it returns to frightened 4 and fleeing, with the same exceptions.

Warhorses and warponies are combat trained. They don’t become frightened or fleeing during encounters in this way.

Statistics for the animals appear in the Pathfinder Bestiary.

The Bulk rules in this chapter are for Small and Medium creatures, as the items are made for creatures of those sizes. Large creatures can carry more, and smaller creatures can carry less, as noted on Table 6–19.

These rules for Bulk limits come up most often when a group tries to load up a mount or animal companion. The rules for items of different sizes tend to come into play when the characters defeat a big creature that has gear, since in most cases, the only creatures of other sizes are creatures under the GM’s control. In most cases, Small or Medium creatures can wield a Large weapon, though it’s unwieldy, giving them the clumsy 1 condition, and the larger size is canceled by the difficulty of swinging the weapon, so it grants no special benefit. Large armor is simply too large for Small and Medium creatures.